Xerophthalmia is a progressive eye condition caused by vitamin A deficiency. Low levels of this essential nutrient can dry out the eyes and tear ducts, potentially leading to night blindness and severe corneal damage, such as white spots or ulcers. Early vitamin A therapy can often reverse these effects.

Certain groups and conditions increase the risk of xerophthalmia due to vitamin A deficiency.

• Young age: Children, especially under 5, are more vulnerable.
• Malnutrition and poverty: Poor diet and food insecurity raise risk.
• Infection: Diseases like measles or chronic diarrhea deplete vitamin A.
• Pregnancy and lactation: Increased vitamin A needs raise deficiency risk.

Xerophthalmia is treated by restoring vitamin A levels and addressing eye surface damage to prevent vision loss.

Vitamin A Supplementation: High‑dose vitamin A supplements are used to rapidly restore vitamin levels, reverse early eye changes, and prevent the progression of xerophthalmia. This therapy is especially important in children and high-risk individuals.

Dietary Improvement: Consuming vitamin A-rich foods, such as dairy products, eggs, liver, and orange or green vegetables, helps maintain long-term eye health and supports overall nutritional status

Managing Infections and Absorption Issues: Addressing underlying conditions that affect vitamin  Absorption, such as liver disease, chronic diarrhea, or infections, ensures the body can effectively utilize vitamin A and prevents recurrence of xerophthalmia.