Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most often affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can involve other organs such as lymph nodes, kidneys, spine, or brain (extrapulmonary TB). TB spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Early detection and timely treatment are crucial for effective cure and prevention of transmission.

Based on information commonly outlined in leading medical references and clinical guidelines, the following factors increase the risk of developing tuberculosis:

• Close Contact with TB Patients: Spending time with someone who has active tuberculosis increases exposure to the bacteria.
• Weakened Immune System: Conditions such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, cancer, or long-term use of steroids and immunosuppressive medicines reduce the body’s ability to fight infection.
• Living or Traveling in High-Risk Areas: TB is more common in certain regions where infection rates are high.
• Crowded or Poorly Ventilated Environments: Settings such as shelters, prisons, or shared living spaces increase airborne spread.
• Malnutrition: Poor nutrition weakens immune defenses, making infection more likely.
• Smoking and Excessive Alcohol Use: These habits damage lung health and lower immunity, increasing TB risk.
• Age Extremes: Infants and older adults have weaker immune defenses.
• Certain Occupations: Healthcare workers and caregivers exposed to TB patients are at higher risk.
• Previous TB Infection: Incomplete or improper past treatment can increase recurrence risk.

Tuberculosis is a curable disease when treated properly. Treatment follows well-established medical guidelines and focuses on eliminating the bacteria while preventing drug resistance.

Medications: Tuberculosis is treated with a combination of antibiotics to eliminate the infection and prevent resistance. First-line drugs include isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, usually taken for 6–9 months. Second-line medications are used for drug-resistant TB under strict medical supervision. Adhering to the prescribed regimen is essential for a full recovery.

Directly Observed Therapy (DOT): This approach involves a healthcare professional supervising the patient as they take each dose of TB medication. DOT ensures strict adherence to the treatment regimen, which is critical for curing the disease, preventing relapse, and reducing the risk of developing drug-resistant TB strains.

Supportive Care: Proper nutrition, adequate rest, and management of coexisting health conditions such as diabetes or HIV can strengthen the immune system and improve treatment outcomes. Counseling and patient education are also part of supportive care to encourage adherence and healthy lifestyle practices during treatment.

Treatment for Drug-Resistant TB: In cases where TB does not respond to first-line medications, specialized regimens using second-line or newer antibiotics are implemented. These treatments are carefully monitored by specialists to manage side effects and ensure the highest chance of cure.